Tips for Using Blooms Taxonomy in Your Classroom

Though a students complaint that a question is too hard might be more a matter of effort than ability, it is true that some questions are just harder than others. The difficulty of a question or assignment comes down to the level of critical thinking it requires. Simple skills such as identifying a state capital are quick and easy to assess, while complex skills such as the construction of a hypothesis are more difficult to quantify. Blooms taxonomy can be used to make the process of categorizing questions by difficulty easier and more straightforward. Blooms Taxonomy Blooms taxonomy is a long-standing cognitive framework that categorizes critical reasoning in order to help educators set more well-defined learning goals. Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist, developed this pyramid to define levels of critical thinking required by a task. Since its inception in the 1950s and revision in 2001, Blooms Taxonomy has given teachers a common vocabulary for naming specific skills required for proficiency. There are six levels in the taxonomy that each represent distinct levels of abstraction. The bottom level includes the most basic cognition and the highest level includes the most intellectual and complicated thinking. The idea behind this theory is that students cannot be successful in applying higher-order thinking to a topic until they have first mastered a ladder of rudimentary tasks. The goal of education is to create thinkers and doers. Blooms taxonomy gives a path to follow from the beginning of a concept or skill to its end, or to the point where students can think creatively about a topic and solve problems for themselves. Learn to incorporate all levels of the framework into your teaching and lesson plans in order to scaffold the learning that your students are doing. Remembering In the remembering level of the taxonomy, which used to be known as the knowledge level, questions are used solely to assess whether a student remembers what they have learned. This is the bottom level of the taxonomy because the work that students are doing when remembering is the simplest. Remembering commonly presents in the form of fill-in-the-blank, true or false, or multiple-choice style questions. These can be used to determine whether students have memorized important dates for a particular time period, can recall the main ideas of a lesson, or can define terms. Understanding The understanding level of Blooms Taxonomy moves students slightly beyond fact recall into understanding the information presented. This used to be known as comprehension. Within understanding, students encounter questions and tasks where they interpret facts rather than state them. Instead of naming cloud types, for example, students demonstrate understanding by explaining how each type of cloud is formed. Applying Application questions ask students to apply or use the knowledge or skills that they have acquired. They might be asked to use information that they have been given to create a viable solution to a problem. For example, a student might be asked to solve a mock Supreme Court case using the Constitution and its amendments to determine what is constitutional. Analyzing In the analyzing level of this taxonomy, students demonstrate whether they can identify patterns to solve problems. They differentiate between subjective and objective information in order to analyze and come to conclusions using their best judgment. An English teacher wanting to assess student analyzing skills might ask what the motives were behind a protagonists actions in a novel. This requires students to analyze the traits of that character and come to a conclusion based on a combination of this analysis and their own reasoning. Evaluating When evaluating, a level previously known as synthesis, students use given facts to create new theories or make predictions. This requires them to apply skills and concepts from multiple subjects at once and synthesize this information before coming to a conclusion. If, for example, a student is asked to use data sets of ocean level and climate trends to predict ocean levels in five years, this type of reasoning is considered evaluating. Creating The highest tier of Blooms taxonomy is called creating, previously known as evaluation. Students demonstrating their ability to create must know how to make judgments, ask questions, and invent something new. Questions and tasks within this category might require students to assess author bias or even the validity of a law by analyzing information presented and forming opinions, which they must always be able to justify with evidence. Often, creating tasks ask students to identify problems and invent solutions for them (a new process, an item, etc.). Implementing Blooms Taxonomy There are many reasons for a teacher to Blooms taxonomy close at hand, but of paramount importance is its application when designing instruction. This hierarchical framework makes clear the type of thinking and doing that students should be capable of in order to achieve a learning target. To use Blooms taxonomy, set learning goals for a lesson or unit by first fitting student work into each level. These levels can be used to decide what types of thinking and reasoning you want students to be doing at the introduction of a lesson and what types of thinking and reasoning students must be able to do upon a lessons conclusion. This system will help you include every level of critical thinking necessary for total comprehension without skipping any critical levels of development. Keep the intended objective of each level in mind as you plan questions and tasks. How to Design Tasks and Questions When designing questions and tasks, consider: Are students ready to think for themselves about this yet? If the answer is yes, they are ready to analyze, evaluate, and create. If not, have them do more remembering, understanding, and applying. Always take advantage of opportunities to make student work more meaningful. Bring personal experiences and authentic purpose into the questions that students are answering and tasks that they are doing. For instance, have them remember the names of important figures from local history or create solutions to problems that the students in their school face. As always,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹rubrics are important tools for ensuring fair and accurate grading across the board. Keywords to Use Use these keywords and phrases to design effective questions for every level. Bloom's Taxonomy Key Words Level Keywords Remembering who, what, why, when, where, which, choose, find, how, define, label, show, spell, list, match, name, relate, tell, recall, select Understanding demonstrate, interpret, explain, extend, illustrate, infer, outline, relate, rephrase, translate, summarize, show, classify Applying apply, build, choose, construct, develop, interview, make use of, organize, experiment with, plan, select, solve, utilize, model Analyzing analyze, categorize, classify, compare/contrast, discover, dissect, examine, inspect, simplify, survey, distinguish, relationships, function, motive, inference, assumption, conclusion Evaluating build, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, estimate, formulate, plan, predict, propose, solve/solution, modify, improve, adapt, minimize/maximize, theorize, elaborate, test Creating choose, conclude, critique, decide, defend, determine, dispute, evaluate, judge, justify, measure, rate, recommend, select, agree, appraise, opinion, interpret, prove/disprove, assess, influence, deduct Key words to include in questions for each level of thinking Help your students become critical thinkers by using Blooms taxonomy. Teaching students to remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create will benefit them for the rest of their lives. Source Armstrong, Patricia. â€Å"Blooms Taxonomy.†Ã‚  Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University, 13 Aug. 2018.Bloom, Benjamin Samuel.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: David McKay, 1956.

Business Law A Case Study - 1531 Words

Business Law In business law, there are a number of procedures that are used in settling disputes. For cases, under $5,000.00, small claims court is utilized as a way to effectively litigate potential issues and come to a solution in a cost effective manner. This is when there are no attorneys present. Instead, each party will present their side of the story to the judge. They will bring forward their own witnesses and evidence to support their case. (Warner, 2012) To fully understand how it works requires carefully examining a case in small claims court. This will be accomplished by focusing on the citations, facts, issues, court decision and legal reasoning. Together, these elements will highlight how this process works and the way various findings are reached by the judge. (Warner, 2012) Citation of the Case The name of the court where the proceeding took place is the Superior Court of California in the County of San Francisco. The case that was being decided is Robin Hunt vs. Depuy Orthopedics Inc under CGC-12-52164. It occurred on June 4, 2013 at 10:30 AM. The people who were inside the court room were mainly the defendant, plaintiff, the witnesses, the judge and bailiff. (Robin Hunt vs. Depuy Orthopedics Inc, personal communication, June 4, 2013) Facts In this case, Patricia Hunt filed a lawsuit against Depuy Orthopedics Inc of Indiana. She claimed that she purchased a prosthetic limb and it did not function the way it was suppose to. Instead, it continued toShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law Case Study1437 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Business Law Case Study Module 4 PLAINTIFFS STATEMENT: The Parties – Alex Johnson vs. Bethlehem Ice Solutions    Opening Argument    Those familiar with skiing know that there are risks involved when one chooses to participate in the sport.   Those risks, however, should be associated with self-inflicted harm caused by mistakes that a skier may make and not unforeseen obstacles and dangerous situations.   The injuries sustained by Alex Johnson on the slopes at Bethlehem Ice Solutions (BIS) were notRead MoreBusiness Law Case Study1954 Words   |  8 PagesCase Jonathan, a moneylender makes a loan of $1,000 to Sheba on Sheba’s representation that she is 19 years old. Sheba is in fact 17 years old. She enrolled for diploma course with a private college for $500, spent $200 on a holiday, and the balance of $300 on a mini hi-fi set. She now refuses to pay Jonathan. In this case, we are acting for Jonathan (plaintiff). Jonathan sues Sheba (defendant) because of free consent and capacity. Free consent that we talk is about misrepresentation whereas capacityRead MoreBusiness Law Case Study2352 Words   |  10 PagesLegal Issues in Management Final Case Study Christine Stout Southern Oregon University Business law – case study The case study of John and Stacey has so many complicated elements that apparently all the stakeholders involved apart from the two mentioned could sue or be sued against. This paper assumes that this is the scenario for this paper. The characters involved are John and Stacy, a restaurant owner, the owner of a townhouse, the owner of the mink on which John tripped and subsequentlyRead MoreBusiness Law Case Study2067 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness Law Case Study In the case presented, Biff Smith, the Chief of Police of the local department ordered a set of bicycles off of a local storeowner, Dirk Right. This was no simple order though, in fact Biff intended on starting a bike patrol unit within the local department. Biff went to Dirks Bicycle shop to place an order. The order was for five mountain bikes to be used for patrol so they had to be custom made in order to sport the police decals. Biff was very familiar with the SchwinnRead MoreBusiness Law Case Study1411 Words   |  6 PagesCase Summary: -Bob owns a Jewelry store -Sam operates electronic security equipment store -Bob and Sam are friends -Monday, Bob held a casual conversation with Sam about fitting his store with closed circuit television and the best available electronic locks -Tuesday, Sam sent Bob a Quotation of price Lists of models and List of price -Wednesday, Bob Replied BY POST. Choice of Supreme Model for camera -Posted to old address, Sam received on Saturday and emailed on the same day Read MoreBusiness Law Case Studies1035 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginal contract was agreed upon does not equate to fresh consideration. As addressed in Roscorla v Thomas, assurance was given after the contract was agreed upon and therefore, the plaintiff was unsuccessful in court. The same would apply to Bonnie’s case. Problem 3 a) Could both Michael and David sue Yvette for breach of contract when a contract existed only between Michael and Yvette, and if both contracting parties provided consideration? b) The rules that only a promisee can sue on a contractRead MoreBusiness Law Case Study1259 Words   |  6 Pages Case Study Case 1 A Sydney tramway passenger was injured in a collision with another tram, which occurred after the driver collapsed at the controls. The plaintiff argued that the collision could have been avoided if the tramway authority had fitted the tram with a system known as ‘dead man’s handle’, a system in use on Sydney’s trains. This would have stopped the tram and avoided the accident. The device had been rejected by the tramway authorities because it was felt that it could cause driversRead MoreCase Study : Business Law Case1557 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Law Case 1: Kate is the owner of a successful business, selling women’s shoes. Her business is expanding fast and she wants to upgrade her business structure to a more appropriate one. What would be your recommendation to Kate and why? What are the factors that influence you with this advice? Solution/Advice 1 Choosing a Corporation/Company Structure - the business structure of a company/ corporation is highly recommended, it has the flexibility to gain more capital, or credit capabilityRead MoreBusiness Law - Case Study1905 Words   |  8 PagesTimber Yard. He made known to Frank, the sole proprietor, the purpose and requirement of the materials and placed an order. John signed a standard form contract and paid a deposit. Two months later, problems arose which caused John to delay his business. John incurred financial losses. B. IDENTIFYING THE ISSUES 1.0 CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN FRANK. It is obvious that there is a contract for the sales of goods between Frank and John. Therefore, terms implied by statute into the sales ofRead MoreBusiness Law - Case Study Assessment1310 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Law --- Case Study Assessment Question 1: A.Register an Australian company through a number of business service providers who use software that deals directly with ASIC. Firstly, search business directories or the internet for ‘shelf company services’ or ‘Australian company registration’. Because these providers can also offer full company secretarial services covering registers, consents and share certificates. At the same time, we can complete the Application for registration as an Australian

Short Long Term Career Goals Free Essays

Education has always been an important aspect of my life. Although there have been trials and tribulations I have surmounted them. My story is not one of a privileged life not wanting or wishing for anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Long Term Career Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead it is a dream, a dream to be able to fulfill what is my destiny. On December 14, 2005 I will have my associate’s degree; it has been a long time coming, and it is finally here. I have managed to maintain full time work to support myself and my family while attending to school to accomplish one of my life long dreams. By attending Drexel this would not only afford me the opportunity to continue my dream of furthering my education but it will also allow me to advance in my industry. My short term career goals include furthering my education in business administration; Drexel will allow me to do that. Long term Drexel will give the tools, confidence, and background necessary to advance even further in my career goals. Business has been my passion for a number of years, Drexel will allow me to have more of a hand on approach, and it will allow me to be even more of a key player in the business industry. Over time my goals continue to grow and advance, Drexel will allow me to make my current goals a reality and work toward my future goals and the ones that I will create in the future. The main way that Drexel would help me with my current and future goals is through affording me a great education, with a wonder staff and plentiful resources as my disposal. These tools are priceless, and impossible to truly measure. All I can say is that it is my beliefs that Drexel is the best place for me to continue my education. Through researching the school and the programs that are offered through Drexel, I believe that the business program best suits my life style. The program allows flexibility which is extremely important in my life. My short term career goals include: advancing my knowledge base in the field of business administration, balancing work and family, becoming more confident in my abilities as a degreed professional, learn how to deal more efficiently in my professional life and personal life. Drexel can help me reach these goals by, affording me the opportunity to have a flexible school schedule, by teaching me the necessary tools to needed to become more confident in my personal and professional abilities, giving me a platform to increase my skills in business as well as interpersonal skills necessary to survive in the business world. Long term goals include, advancing into a higher position with my current employer, or possibly starting my own business, becoming a motivator and teacher to others through my knowledge and experience. Drexel can aid me in reaching these long term goals in the same ways that Drexel can help me reach the short term career goals. One is through allowing a platform to gain further education in the field of business. By advancing my knowledge in the field of business, I hope to be able to be an inspiration to others, as well as have the tools necessary to be effective in my endeavors as well as help others obtain their lifelong goals. Drexel University is the perfect fit for me. I know that if I am allowed to become a part of the student body all of my dreams will become realities. There is no where to go but up with a Drexel education. If given the opportunity you will not be disappointed. I give every endeavor 100%! Education is necessary in continuing my goals. My Bachelors is just the beginning, just a single step leading up the stairway of my lifelong dreams. Thank you in advance for considering me for your Bachelors program. How to cite Short Long Term Career Goals, Papers

Macroeconomics Deak with Various Theories

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomics for Deak with Various Theories. Answer: Introduction Various theories in macroeconomics have been created to deal the great depression analysis. One of the central theory that analyses such results is the classical theory of Keynes. Keynesianism was named after John Maynard Keynes . He is also known as the father of modern economics. When the great depression had struck, it had become very important for all the economists to analyse the situation and reason the happening in the world. Keynes, however came up with a classic explanation that was agreed by many. The theory was too easy to be understood and was named as the simple Keynesian model (Asensio and Atesoglu 2014). Keynes issued various issues and remedies for the government and the people of the economy to deal in such situations. Yet, Keynes explanations was not enough. Some loopholes were found by various economists it eh later period. Some of the famous economist are Milton Friedman and Robert Lucas (Duarte 2016). As stated by Sumner (2015), Milton Friedman showed that there is no stable relationship between unemployment and inflations. According to his theory, policymakers face short term tradeoffs due to private sectors failure to adapt the change in environment. There are long term costs that are exploited in order to settle the short term tradeoffs. The theory of Milton Friedman, adaptive expectations, was further formulated and modernised by Robert Lucas in his theory of rational expectations. In this report, we analyse the three different theories of Keynes, Friedman and Lucas and in the fourth and fifth section, the difference between Friedman and Keynes and Lucas and Keynes is analysed. Keynes According to Pressman (2013), in the general theory formulated by Keynes, he suggested that the national income depends on the volume of employment. Keynes also showed in his model that involuntary unemployment is consistent in equilibrium. The principle theory of effective demand states that in a closed economy and spare capacity, the level of employment is determined by aggregate planned expenditure, that consists of consumption expenditure and investment expenditure from firms. Hence the equilibrium condition can be stated as E= C+I. According to Rozmainsky (2013), in Keynes model consumption expenditure is endogenous in nature which depends on the income and the interest rate, whereas, the investment expenditure depends on the expected probability of investment and interest rate. Therefore, in this model, employment becomes dependent on investment expenditure which is an unstable factor. In calculating the equilibrium, expectations of future levels of demand and costs are involved that allows hopes and fears, to influence the decision. Expectations of future investment is considered as far more important than the interest rate in linking the present and future as the level of output and employment depends on the level of investment. The extreme precariousness concerned with the prospective yield of the investment decision is based on the Keynes explanation of the business cycle. The consumption function is written as C = a+Cy , hence the equilibrium condition stated in equation 1 can be written as Y = a + Cy + I. Y =( a+I) /(1-c ) Y= (a+I) K In this final equation, k is the investment multiplier, which shows that when there is an increase in investment, the income will increase by k times. The larger the investment multiplier would be, the smaller would be the marginal propensity to save. Hence, the multiplier would now depend on marginal propensity to consume, c. This shows that with a shift in demand, income will rise by an equivalent amount initially, but that would raise the consumption level too. And this process would keep on repeating that would further raise the income. Hence it can be concluded that an increase it eh autonomous spending raises the output and employment level. From the level lesser than full employment, with the increase in autonomous spending, there would be an increase in investment, that would lead to an increase in employment . The newly employed people would consume some of their income an save the rest. The increase in the demand for goods would also increase employment and would further ra ise the expenditure. This shows how an initial rise in investment, raises the level of proportionate income. There are various factors that could limit the size of the multiplier effect, like increasing the rate of interest adverse effect on confidence and leakage of expenditure into taxation and imports in an open economy (Palley, Rochon and Vernengo 2016). Keynes rejected the idea that the interest rate was determined by the real forces of thrift and the marginal productivity of capital. Interest rate is purely addressed as monetary phenomenon determined by the liquidity preference. In order to hold money, Keynes added precautionary and speculative motives. In Keynes model, the proposition that quantity of money is neutral is rejected. According to the model, an increase in the money supply as a result of reduction in rate of interest can be affect aggregate spending. As stated by Sneessens (2012), according to Keynes model, in order to save to increase the investment, was to reduce the aggregate instability was to find the stabilizing investment expenditure at the sufficient level. Keynes model was moderately conservative and at the same time implies a large extension of traditional functions of the government. Friedman As stated by Gal (2015) , Milton Friedman introduced monetarism which had a better and precise analysis of the way the effects of changes in the rate of monetary expansion were divided between real and nominal magnitudes. Keynesian ideas were contradicted by Friedman , where Friedman stated the initial Phillips curves was a misconception. He said that Phillips curve must not be set in terms of rate of change of real wages. Phillips curve can be expressed as W = f(U) +PE This shows how the rate of money wage increases depending on excess demand and expected rate of inflation. Figure 1 : The Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve According to figure 1, suppose the economy is initially at short run Phillips curve 1 (Srpc1) at point a, and the corresponding unemployment level is un with rate of interest as 0, expected rate of inflation would be 0, hence w is the expected rate of inflation that is 0 percent. Suppose that unemployment decrease from UN to U1 by increasing aggregate demand as a result of monetary expansion. With the result of excess demand, an upward pressure on the price and money wages would be generated. Workers would be misled by the increase in real wage, they would supply more labour. They would suffer from temporary money illusion. In reality, real wage would rather fall and with the demand of more labour, unemployment would fall. The real situation of inflation sets in and the curve shifts from SRPC1 to SRPC2. Hence, it can be seen that the actual rate of inflation is completely anticipated and there would be no long run trade off between unemployment and wage inflation. The points a and c together, a long-run vertical Phillips curve is obtained at the natural rate of unemployment (UN). At un, the increase in money wages is equivalent to the increase in prices, so the real wage rate is constant. Natural rate of labour market is in equilibrium and inflation is fully estimated (Hommes 2013). As per Nelson (2013), Friedman allowed to reconcile the classical theory with respect to the long run neutrality of money, still money to have real effects in the short run. According to Friedman, inflation rates become increasingly volatile at higher rates of inflation. This increase volatility results in uncertainty. This also results in the rise of unemployment as the productivity decreases and price system becomes less efficient. Uncertainty also leads to fall in investment and decrease in employment. With the increase in inflation rates, government tend to intervene more by imposing wage and price controls which further reduces the efficiency and increases unemployment. There is a positive relation between inflation and unemployment in the economy. Once the economy is successful in adjusting the high and volatile inflation, it can return to it natural rate of unemployment efficiently. Lucas In 1970, a new approach has been initiated by Lucas to study the fluctuations. He advocated the equilibrium approach to business cycle modelling. In Keynesian model, market fail to clear and gross domestic product can vary from its initial level to extended period of time. According to Lucas monetary changes have real consequences, but only because agents cannot discriminate perfectly between monetary and real demand shifts, so there is no usable trade off between inflation and real output. According to Lucas, business cycles are serially correlated movements that depends on trends of real output. Lucas is considered as a new classical monetarist based on his explanation of business cycle (Shaikh 2013). According to Lucas model, monetary shocks are the main cause of aggregate instability and there is a confusion based on the relative and general price movements. The supply of output Y has both permanent component Yn and cyclical component Yc. So, YT = YN + YC. In cyclical component, there is a lagged out term that recognizes the deviations in output. The combination of rational expectation hypothesis and surprise supply function denotes that the output and employment would fluctuate randomly around their self levels (Gabisch and Lorenz 2013). Friedman vs. Keynes According to Palley (2013), One of the famous critiques of Keynesian model was Milton Friedman,. He accepted the definitions of recessions but rejected the method of treating them. According to Friedman, government should keep the money supply steady, thereby expanding it slightly only to allow the yearly growth of the economy. Inflation, employment and output would adjust themselves accordingly. He names such a theory as monetarism. Monetarism was tried in great Britain during the 80s, but it lost its worth. According to the theory, British economy would have enjoyed low inflation and high stability, but it reality, it went the other way. At first the economy as in deep recession, but then when inflation came down, unemployment level rose. Eventually bank of England had to abandon monetarism. Contradicting to the experience in England, monetarism was also followed in United States. This was just a cover story, ultimately the government was following the Keynesian model only. Whereas, unlike the case in great Britain, America experienced the direct contrast to England. As a result, many economists abandoned monetarist theory (Schwarzer 2016). Another famous theory of Friedman is the theory of natural rate of unemployment. When the price increases in accordance with the increase in money wage, people do not mind paying extra. This is called neutrality of money. Inflation of these kinds are considered harmless to the society. But, this is not the scenario of the society. According to Friedman, this is o because the public are unaware of the expansion. When they receive extra money as their wages, it was transformed into more economic activity an not higher prices (Snowdon and Vane 2005). According to Friedman, it is not possible to wipe out unemployment with the help of monetary policy, as Keynes theory suggested. Instead, it shows that monetary policy would keep the unemployment at 6%, which is the natural rate of unemployment when inflation prevails in the country. Lucas vs. Keynes According to Gaffeo, Gallegati and Gostoli (2015), an even greater attack on Keynesian theory was done by Robert Lucas, with the help of its theory of rational expectations. There are two main segments to rational expectations. The first one is that recessions are self adjustable. Once people start holding money, it gets quite difficult for them to notice that recession is coming. It is so because, individual businessmen know that they are making less money, but they may take time to sink the fact that everyone is experiencing the same thing. When prices fall, purchasing power of money raises, hence at that point f time, government should simply wait for recession to correct itself. The second segment relation to rational expectations is that, government intervention might lead to ineffectiveness to harmful in nature. Any government who plans to expand the money supply cannot stand in front of business mans decision to cut prices away. Keynesians are robbed of this argument since, Lucas predicted how the government is not much faster than discovering the problem than anyone else (Lucas et al. 2013). As stated by Sargent (2013), though the works of Lucas had been valued in 70s, yet there have been noticed two flaws in the theory. Firstly, it is not feasible to believe that business man determine the rices of the goods by following the macroeconomic trends and secondly, recessions last for many years. Lucas failed to help the business man acknowledge the leading economic indicators and yet they were ignorant of the fact of being in recession. Conclusion Simple Keynesian model postulated by Keynes is the easiest model of macroeconomics that had dealt in the times of great depression and had provided with some injections, issues and solutions to the problems. Later on, some economists found loopholes in the simple model of growth , and they introduced monetarism in the society. Such economist re like Milton Friedman. Milton Friedman found out how unemployment and inflation are two different aspects and are never able to achieve stability. Friedman model had been further reconsidered and modernised in Lucas rational expectation model and business theory model. Hence, it has been seen how various economist with the change in time have noticed the change in the macroeconomics issues of the economy. This has led them formulate better versions of models from the past. As stated by Leith, Moldovan and Rossi (2012), by the middle of 1980s, it was proved that neither monetarism nor rational expectations were ideal theories. Hence, the Neo Keynesian model started making a comeback. Today neo Keynesian has reached its prominence. People are nowadays not very rational but, rational in nature. They do not weigh unemployment rate, inflation rate or monetary rate, yet they do keep a small information and act accordingly (De Vroey 2016). With the help of this report, we see how each economist had their own expectations regarding the output and employment level. Each had a better perspective than the other. Each formulated their own theories and helped the society to educate themselves by advocating the new theories and contradict ting the old ones. Macroeconomics trends have been considered as the base of any economic fluctuations and function of the economy. It helps in analysing the effects of change with the help of different theories that holds different perspectives and expectations. References Asensio, A. and Atesoglu, H.S., 2014. Accounting for uncertainty in a simple Keynesian model.International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education,5(1), pp.24-39. De Vroey, M., 2016.A history of macroeconomics from Keynes to Lucas and beyond. Cambridge University Press. Duarte, P.G., 2016. Macroeconomists as Revolutionary Schoolmates. Comments on Michel De Vroeys A History of Macroeconomics from Keynes to Lucas and Beyond.conomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy, (6-1), pp.129-137. Gabisch, G. and Lorenz, H.W., 2013.Business cycle theory: a survey of methods and concepts. Springer Science Business Media. Gaffeo, E., Gallegati, M. and Gostoli, U., 2015. An agent-based proof of principle for Walrasian macroeconomic theory.Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory,21(2), pp.150-183. Gal, J., 2015.Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Hommes, C., 2013.Behavioral rationality and heterogeneous expectations in complex economic systems. Cambridge University Press. Leith, C., Moldovan, I. and Rossi, R., 2012. Optimal monetary policy in a New Keynesian model with habits in consumption.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(3), pp.416-435. Lucas, R., Mortensen, D., Shiller, R. and Wallace, N., 2013. Rational Expectations: Retrospect and Prospect.Macroeconomic Dynamics,17, pp.1169-1192. Nelson, E., 2013. Friedman's monetary economics in practice.Journal of International Money and Finance,38, pp.59-83. Palley, T., Rochon, L.P. and Vernengo, M., 2016. The relevance of Keynes's General Theory after 80 years.Review of Keynesian Economics, (1), pp.1-3. Palley, T.I., 2013. Monetary policy and central banking after the crisis: the implications of rethinking macroeconomic theory. InFinancialization(pp. 182-200). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Pressman, S., 2013.Fifty major economists. Routledge. Rozmainsky, I.V., 2013. A simple Post Keynesian model of investor myopia and economic growth.Montenegrin Journal of Economics,9(3), p.45. Sargent, T.J., 2013.Rational expectations and inflation. Princeton University Press. Schwarzer, J.A., 2016. Keynes and Friedman on Laissez-Faire and Planning: Where to Draw the Line?. Shaikh, A., 2013. On the role of reflexivity in economic analysis.Journal of Economic Methodology,20(4), pp.439-445. Sneessens, H.R., 2012.Theory and estimation of macroeconomic rationing models(Vol. 191). Springer Science Business Media. Snowdon, B. and Vane, H.R., 2005.Modern macroeconomics: its origins, development and current state. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sumner, S., 2015. What Would Milton Friedman Have Thought of the Great Recession?.American Journal of Economics and Sociology,74(2), pp.209-235.

1984

1984 This maybe nonsatisfactory in answering the many themes and symbols that are rampant in the book but may provide an idea of what to write in an essay. (I'm a sharing person.) George Orwell's novel, "1984" was an interesting book. It reminded me of the book, Fahrenheit 451, which also tells of a place where people conform to all rules of the existing society although it proves to be harmful in the end. In 1984, Orwell told of much more procedures to keep the citizens from rebelling such as telescreens and the use of exhaustion- physical and mental while Fahrenheit 451 uses desensitization through television and the clown. (Unsure if it was the clown or not on the television that was affecting Milly) Throughout the novel, George Orwell illustrates the harsh world that could exist in the future time of 1984. The place known as Airstrip One, once known as England, was decaying.PartyThe towns were dilapidated and many of the buildings were crumbling. He predicted that government would hav e a hold on people and that privacy would be nonexistent. In 2002 of America, it seems that his prediction is close to being true. The internet, a growing economy, has many problems with privacy. With threats of more terrorist actions and threats against the U.S., the government has tried a new initiative to inspect every single email that contains words that could mean a decisive threat against the U.S. (for example- "bomb", "Anthrax", etc.") Like the telescreens of 1984, people are watched from "behind the scenes" to make sure that nothing wrong is happening. Although the idea of the U.S. Government initiative may be a good idea at first, it could present a step that will leads to an idea equal to that of telescreens.Winston Smith was a rebellious...

EXPERIMENT # Essays - Chemistry, Food And Drink, Dietary Supplements

EXPERIMENT # Essays - Chemistry, Food And Drink, Dietary Supplements EXPERIMENT # OBJECT: Comparing enzymatic activity of Papain and bromelain among different concentration on tenderness of meat through physiochemical properties of meat. APPARATUS: 7 test tubes, test tube stand, beakers, Petri dishes, centrifuge machine, centrifuge tubes, Ph meter, and oven . REAGENTS: 25gm meat for each test tube. Bromelain (4 0 %, 6 0 %, 8 0 %) Papain (4 0 %, 6 0 %, 8 0 %) Water for dilution THEORY: Natural enzyme tenderizers are more effective in tenderizing marinades. Enzymes of vegetable origin that are used as tenderizers include papain, from the tropical papaya; bromelain , from pineapple . These are available as powders or in seasoning compounds. Exogenous proteolytic enzymes, by breaking of the protein chains of muscle and collagen fibers and by their structural damage resulted to meat tenderization and in a better solubilization of proteins. Action of Bromelain and papain on meat is affected by factors such as pH, water-holding capacity, moisture content and concentration thus this study's motivation was to study its proteolytic activity and the factors affecting it. This study investigates the effects of the bromelain and papain extract in different concentrations on the physicochemical and properties of the sample. Water-holding capacity of fresh meat (ability to retain inherent water) is an important property of meat as it affects both the yield and the quality of the product . The mechanism by which water is lost from meat is influenced by both the pH of the tissue and by the amount of space in the muscle cell and particularly the myofibril that exists for water to reside During the conversion of muscle to meat, lactic acid builds up in the tissue leading to a reduction in pH of the meat. Once the pH has reached the isoelectric point ( pI ) of the major proteins, especially myosin (ph =5.4), the net charge of the protein is zero, meaning the numbers of positive and negative charges on the proteins are essentially equal. These positive and negative groups within the protein are attracted to each other causes the water to be forced out, therefore reduces WHC, and at this point meat is tough enough. Water binding capacity is highest at high Ph but WHC drop toward isoelectric point of meat proteins. At its isoelectric point a protein bears no net charge and its solubility is minimal. Below Ph 5 water binding capacity starts to increase again. PROCEDURE: Let, C= Control, 25gm meat. (2) ; 1 for oven and another for ph and WHC B 4 0 = Bromelain (4 0 %) + 25gm meat B 6 0 = Bromelain (6 0 %) + 25gm meat B 8 0 = Bromelain (8 0 %) + 25gm meat P 4 0 = Papain (4 0 %) + 25gm meat P 6 0 = Papain (6 0 %) + 25gm meat P 8 0 = Papain (8 0 %) + 25gm mea t Allow to stand for 10-20 minutes to each test tube. Check the PH of each sample. N ote initial volume of samples and place theses samples in centrifuge machine at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. After centrifugation note the volume of supernatant and calculate water holding capacity. Prepare separate samples of same concentrations for drying. i.e. O 4 0 B = Bromelain (4 0 %) + 25gm meat O 6 0 B = Bromelain (6 0 %) + 25gm meat O 8 0 B = Bromelain (8 0 %) + 25gm meat O 4 0 P = Papain (4 0 %) + 25gm meat O 6 0 P = Papain (6 0 %) + 25gm meat O 8 0 P = Papain (8 0 %) + 25gm meat Weigh each sample and place them in oven at 100C for 20 minutes and again take the weight after dying and calculate moisture content. OBSERVATIONS: PH and WHC: SAMPLES PH INITIAL VOLUME VOLUME OF SUPERNATANT WATER HOLD (ml) C 4.3 38ml 26.5ml 11.5 B40 4.9 36.25ml 37ml -0.75 B60 5.5 37.5ml 25ml 12.5 B80 4.5 36.5ml 24.5ml 12 P40 4.6 37ml 25.25ml 11.75 P60 4.8 37ml 25ml 12 P80 4.7 36.5ml 24ml 12.5 MOISTURE CONTENT: SAMPLES INITIAL WEIGHT (gm) FINAL WEIGHT (gm) MOISTURE EVAPORATED (gm) C 56.74 43.82 12.92

Disney Park in Hong Kong Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disney Park in Hong Kong - Case Study Example Tourists might just switch to Shanghai as a key tourism destination. Moreover, the increased flow of tourists more likely will have a negative environmental impact due to increased pollution, consumption, waste, and increased infrastructure (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2004). Â  The arguments for locating a new Disney park in Hong Kong are the following: increase of the national income due to increased leisure tourism activity, creation of new jobs in the area, enhancement of the international image of Hong Kong, and some others economic and social benefits. The arguments against locating a new Disney park in Hong Kong are mainly associated with the risks of this project, as it might be not as profitable as expected due to similar attractions in China, Shanghai. The government has offered some exclusive terms for Disney location and has taken serious obligations towards building the infrastructure required. However, Disneyland in Shanghai might become a too serious competitor to Hong Kong (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2004). Â  The potential risks for the Disney organization of entering into a joint venture with the government to develop the new park in Hong Kong are associated with the extremely high dependence of the company on the government. Minority stakeholder’s share (43%) sets Disney’s management in more vulnerable and dependent position. Disney has its strong corporate culture and other organizational principles. The vision of Disney and Hong Kong government may vary, and thus cause a conflict between the parties. Â  The Hong Kong Disneyland turned out to be a not as successful project as it was expected.

Historical place (Pyramids) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical place (Pyramids) - Research Paper Example One of those theories argues that they were build with terrestrial impetus power. However, it is important to say that the work of building the pyramids followed a period of research and experiments which resulted to the successful construction of the royal mortuary, the pyramids (Calvert). Egypt has three major pyramids, the Pyramid of Khafre, the pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of Menkaure was representing three different generations (Calvert). The pyramids were a resting consign of the pharaoh and comprised of a temple and other important artifacts of the Pharaoh. Moreover, on the periphery of the pyramids were other small rectangular which belonged to the queens. The information the author is explaining aim to educate his audience about the Great Pyramids of Gaza (Calvert). The author focuses on an undisclosed audience in need of information regarding one of the Wonders of the world. The pyramids have an important history in the journey of Israelite from Egypt to their present land in the Middle East. The Israelite has been in slavery in Egypt for many years, and Christian has attachment to the history of ancient Egypt. In writing the article, the author wants his audience to know the reason behind the construction of the pyramids. He says that the pyramids were constructed as a mortuary complex of the rulers of Egypt in a thousand years, in ancient Egypt. Furthermore, Calvert intends to expound on the science behind the pyramids constructions. He says that they were constructed by an army of craftsmen’s and supplemented by 2000 seasonal peasant’s workmen. The craftsmen were grouped into 200 men and further separated into a cluster of 20 men (Calvert). Calvert says that evidence of towns near the pyramid confirms that a lot of people were used to move stone block from the quarry to the construction site. The article by Calvert Amy comprises an academic writing. It is written

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vertigo - Essay Example While investigating and trailing her, he discovers that she is suicidal and is suffering from thoughts of committing suicide. Later both of them fall in love with each other and then the protagonist experiences the death of Madeleine as she commits suicide. Later he is cared for by Judy Barton who resembles Madeleine and Scottie once again falls in love and this time he is in love with Barton. He tries to mold Barton and make her look exactly similar to Madeline but later he discovers that Madeleine’s death was a hoax and was a plan by her husband. Later due to an accident Barton dies and the protagonist loses his fear of heights but ends up being heart broken. The central point that is being discussed in the movie is the attraction as well as fear that are associated with death. Death can cause different emotions within an individual, for example it can result in the emotion of fear or it can even result in the emotion of satisfaction. This is a point that has been quite heavily depicted in the movie. The movie depicts that when an individual himself experiences death or a near death situation, he/she is most likely to experience the emotion of fear (Krueger 53). This was quite evident as when the protagonist of the movie is about to die as he is about to fall from a very tall building. Due to this incident he became so afraid of death by falling that he became afraid of heights and developed a psychological disorder called acrophobia. At the same time movie even depicts that death is a way through which individuals can gain satisfaction and relief from emotional stress. This feeling of satisfaction and emotional relaxation is experienced by those individuals who use death as a tool of revenge (McDougall 121). This is quite clearly depicted within the movie as the protagonist tries to kill Judy who had helped in planning the death of Madeline. Although the protagonist was afraid of death, he counters this fear when he himself

Violence in Mass Media

Violence in Mass Media The debates about the violence in mass media are being held for few decades, but there is still no definite answer. The main question is the influence of violence on people through the mass media: television, cinema, video games and even literature is just full of violent elements. The problem of media violence is not going away, focusing on the culture of violence, whether this is a normal part of our life, or its what causes more aggression in our society. During the day people spend a lot of time in the internet, near the TV screens, playing video games, so the result of this on people is evident mass media really has a great influence on us. Every day on TV we see images of violence: death, injury, pain, sufferings, misery, wars and conflicts it is just impossible to name everything. Daily news shows us wars and conflicts from all over the world. Films, both for adults and children, also are full of violence : fighting, murders, abuse and so on. Even books and magazines doesnt stay apart, the same situation is with the internet. That is why so many people, like scientists and just ordinary people who are not indifferent, raise the question: if media violence affect people behavior and can cause the increase of violence in real-life? There are 2 points of view: some people blame media for too much violence and want to censor violent content to protect people, and especially children from its influence. Another people think that mass media just reflects the real life as it is, and that doesnt cause violence in society. Another important aspect of this problem is the influence of violence in media on children, as children are very sensitive and very susceptible to this violence. Now, when children have an unlimited access to various forms of media, there is a great concern for how they perceive and think about the violence they see, read or hear. Some experts, like professor L. Rowell Huesmann from the University of Michigan, argue that exposure to media violence causes children to behave more aggressively and affects them as adults years later. Others, like Jonathan Freedman from the University of Toronto says that the scientific evidence simply does not show that watching violence either produces violence in people, or desensitizes them to it. (L. R. Huesmann, Laramie D Taylor) During the last 50 years there were a lot of special researches concerning the influence of media on children. They show that American children between 6 and 18 years of age spend from 2 to 6 hours each day using different kinds of media: television, video, movies, video games, radio, music, computer and the Internet. (James Steyer) This is more time than they spend on any other activity, so most of the information they perceive during the day is from mass media. A large proportion of this media acts of violence in different forms. It has been estimated that by age 18, the average young person will have viewed 200 000 acts of violence on television alone. (L. R. Huesmann, Laramie D Taylor) Prolonged access to such media shows results in increased acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of solving problems and achieving ones goals, and that television, movies, and music videos normalize using weapons and show them as a source of personal power. (J. L.Freedman). Research has associated violence in media with a variety of physical and mental health problems with children and adults: aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, fear, depression, nightmares and sleep disturbances. More than 3500 research studies have examined the connection between media violence and violent behavior, and practically 80% of them showed a real connection. (L. R. Huesmann, Laramie D Taylor) So should children be exposed to the media because of violence? And how can we protect children from violence showed in the media? Should the violence in media be censored or left free? THE PROS A lot of journalists speak about the protection of the right to free speech. Joanne Cantor argues: Censorship is not the answer, but the right to free speech is aggressively used to protect commercial interests at the same time that the free speech rights of child advocates are stifled. (Joanne Cantor, 2002) The American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression lists a number of reasons to protect media violence as a form of free expression: censorship isnt likely to solve the problems of violence in society decision about what is acceptable or not is always a subjective opinion each person can choose what to see or to hear, can choose the appropriate for him variant of media information a lot of books and films with elements of violence existed in the past and now are considered to be a good classics. A lot of free expression defenders say that that mass media is only one of a number of variables that effect people behavior. Psychologist Melanie Moore says: Fear, greed, power-hunger, rage: these are aspects that we try not to experience in our lives but often want, even need, to experience vicariously through stories of others. Children need violent entertainment in order to explore the inescapable feelings that theyve been taught to deny, and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complex, more resilient selfhood. (J. Steyer) Another people say that violence in media is only a method of artistic expression and a mean of showing the life as it is. Researchers R. Hodge and D. Tripp, for example, argue that: Media violence is qualitatively different from real violence: it is a natural signifier of conflict and difference, and without representations of conflict, art of the past and present would be seriously impoverished. (D. Grossman, G. Degaetano) THE CONTRAS But still most people agree that today we have too much violence in the mass media. It cant help influencing us anyway, because at list it makes us understand that the life is not so good as we want and that the world around us is just so cruel. Violence in media makes people feel disappointed and not optimistic. Television, movies, and video games are full of acts of violence , deaths, crimes. When a child sees a violent act, he thinks it a game and may try to react it in real life. According to recent research at the University of Wake Forest, which results are presented at the conference Academy of Pediatrics, the frequency of viewing violence on television is directly related to the number of fights and other forms of destructive behavior. The results of this study are consistent with previous numerous studies of Dr. Durante, who found a significant correlation between the violence depicted and the real violence among children and adolescents. Even if some people dont believe in the results of research, in my opinion even the risk of that violence in media and real life aggression are connected is enough to convince public and government to take necessary actions, as this question is a public issue. And so the state and public organizations intervention is of great importance as concerns the censorship. Anyway media constructs reality, and influences our views on race, gender, politics, and body image, in not good way of course. Conclusion In my view, today, it seems appropriate to conduct new studies that demonstrate the influence of violence on human psyche, especially on children and adolescents, taking into account the impacts of all the kinds of media. These findings should be communicated to the public in order to protect the younger generation of excessive and unjustified demonstrations of cruelty. In this regard, so relevant is the question raised by Plato in the IV century BC: How can we so easily assume that children are listened to and perceived the soul of what horrible myths invented by just anyone and for the most part contrary to the truths that are we believe should be with them when they grow up? .

The Men of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Essays

The Men of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, the reader is given a particular glimpse into Janie's life with reference to the men she has known.   Janie's three men are all very different, yet they were all Janie's husband at one point in her life.   Although they all behaved differently, in lifestyle as well as their relationship with Janie, they all shared certain similarities.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Janie's first husband was a poor old soul named Logan Killicks.   He was an ugly, dirty farmer whose prime concern for Janie was that she do her share of the work in order to keep the farm up and running.   Janie was simply another pair of hands to do some work.   When compared with Janie's second husband, Logan seems uncaring and rude.      When Janie first met her second husband, Joe, he was very caring and reassuring - an ideal husband.   Joe was an ambitious young man with many goals set out for him.   And like Janie, he was raised around a white background.   Joe strived to be and have the best at everything.   However, once Joe got Janie as his wife, he became a jealous and demanding man, just as Logan had been.   Joe saw himself as a god, his sentences began with " I god..." ... ...use he used it to help himself become mayor.   Tea Cake loved Janie for who she was as a woman.   All three had completely different things to offer Janie economically, socially, and emotionally.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two rich men loved a woman, the poor man loved Janie.    Works Cited and Consulted: Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Classics, 1990. Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv.

Rbs Abn Merger

The Acquisition of ABM AMNRO by RBS Introduction Mergers & Acquisition have become very popular throughout the world in the recent times. This has become popular due to globalization, liberalization, technological developments & intensely competitive business environment. Mergers and acquisition are a big part of corporate finance world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organization. In India, the concept of mergers and acquisition was initiated by the government bodies. The Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. Acquisition Acquisition in general sense is acquiring the ownership in the property. In the context of business combinations, an acquisition is the purchase by one company of a controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company. An acquisition may be affected by (a) agreement with the persons holding majority interest in the company management like members of the board or major shareholders commanding majority of voting power; (b) purchase of shares in open market; (c) to make takeover offer to the general body of shareholders; (d) purchase of new shares by private treaty; (e) acquisition of share capital or one company may be either all or any one of the following form of considerations viz. eans of cash, issuance of loan capital, or insurance of share capital. History On October 10,2007 Royal Bank of Scotland led consortium with RBs, Fortis of Belgium and banco Santander central Hispano SA of Spain created history by acquiring Dutch banking gaintABN AMBRO for US$ 100 billion. The consortium paid US$ 51. 55 per share of ABM AMBRO, about 13% more a s compared to the rival Barclays offer. This was one of the largest acquisition in the history of global banking industry . The consortium agreed to pay 93% of amount through cash and remaining 7% through RBS shares. Due to the 2008 financial crisis, the Dutch government nationalised the divisions owned by Fortis, while the UK government is now in effective control over the divisions allocated to RBS due to its financial bail-out of the Scottish bank. The process of integrating some of ABN AMRO's divisions into the new owners, and divesting others, continues. Since 6 February 2010 the bank has been split into one organisation owned by the Dutch government called ABN AMRO Bank N. V. and another owned by The Royal Bank of Scotland Group renamed The Royal Bank of Scotland N. V. On this date the Dutch owned businesses legally demerged from those owned by RBS. The Dutch government own the ABN AMRO brand for use with the parts of the bank they purchased while other companies within the Group will be renamed or closed down. Objective To study the acquisition of ABN AMBRO by RBS form various perspectives. We will try to answer the following questions:- What would a SWOT analysis reveal? What were the various synergies? Was the acquisition strategy sound? Events after acquisition? Various parameters of the deal. Effect of recession on the deal. Major challenges faced by the firm. On 19 January, 2009 RBS issued a statement in which it admitted that acquiring ABN AMBRO was a mistake. It also issued in the statement that ? 10 billion that it had spent on ABN ABMRO was worth nothing by then. Also RBS incurred a loss of ? 24. 1 billion on a total income of ? 26. 9 billion. So in this report we will try to study and analyse the after-effects of acquisition. Various other similar factors are attempted to be studies. Data & Research Methodology Data will be mainly sourced from secondary sources. However the management of certain firms under view will be interviewed through structured questionnaires. The data will be analysed using financial tools to access the effectiveness of the deal. An attempt will be made to evaluate the efficiency of the merged firm with the help of selected financial ratios. Analysis and expected results Through the medium of this report an attempt will be made to analyse the financial benefits of the acquisition. In addition to strategic benefits, the acquisition would deliver significant financial benefits to the shareholders. Through major cost savings and improved profitability of business lines, substantial earnings improvements for shareholders will be realised. The expectations from the deal were to strengthen all three consortium banks in their respective markets and open up new segment to accelerate their growth. The analysis includes:- Impact of mergers & acquisition on employees and working conditions Looking at the financing of the acquisition and studying the possible financing options. Major challenges of the merger and the opportunities. RBS’s current expansion plans Sensitivity analysis Synergy analysis Accounting and financing structure Risk assessment and cost of capital Leveraged buy-out Estimating merger gains and cost Of course, it is easy to criticize another firm’s management but not so easy to improve it. Some of the self-appointed scourges of poor management turn out to be less competent than those they replace. Here is how Warren Buffet, the chairman of Berkshire Hathaway summarizes the matter Many managers were apparently over-exposed in impressionable childhood years to the story in which the imprisoned, handsome prince is released from the toad’s body by a kiss from the beautiful princess. Consequently, they are certain that the managerial kiss will do wonders for the profitability of the target company. Such optimism is essential.

Disuniting of America essays

Disuniting of America essays In the book The Disuniting of America author Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. talks about the shift between the traditional focus the melting pot to the multicultural society that dominates public awareness today. He looks at the history of the United Sates and finds that early Americans came here to escape their roots and create a new race. Schlesinger talks about how history is the weapon that Multiculturalists used to convince the children of the public school system of their point of view. He mentions how history has purposely been changed to erase the black marks of the past from the history books. He also speaks of how the decomposition of America has been taking place, through multiculturalism, political correctness, and racial separatism. Schlesinger covers many aspects of the long history of immigration to the United States. Many sought freedom and opportunity, while others like slaves were to America against their will. Although there were various hardships facing the new race, it was the commitment of all the races to democracy and self government that continued over the different languages, religions, and systems of beliefs. Great Britain had a profound influence on the thirteen original colonies. It set forth the British language, laws, institutions, political ideas, literature and customs and gave America an Anglo centric Flavor.(Schlesiger 8) For better or worse, the White Anglo Saxon Protestant tradition was for two centuries, and in crucial aspects still is, the dominant influence on American society.(Schlesinger 8) Immigrants that came to America had to face these ideas and were expected to follow them because it would be the matrix on how they would be assimilated",(Schlesiger 8) and that is how they woul d become part of a new race of Americans. Schlesinger is very critical of historians that sacrifice the facts, in hopes of a more po...

Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo

Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures;... Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo Free Essays on The Life Of Michelangelo Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo’s poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo’s sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it’s many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo’s main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo’s artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it’s natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope’s tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures;...

United States women's wages and the wage gap as compared to their male Essay

United States women's wages and the wage gap as compared to their male counterpart - Essay Example The term ‘equality’ seems to be deterring from women even in the 21st century. The period when women are taking giant strides towards successful career and achieving global heights, the demon of equal pay rights and equality at workplace still haunts.Federal government confirmed the earning gap persistent between men and women despite various laws and amendments made by the government (Longley, ‘Why Women Still Make Less than Men’). Despite some dramatic reductions in the male-female pay gap since the 1950’s gender differentials persist in all industrialized nations (Blau and Kahn, 533). Both gender specific factors like gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage structure, the rewards for skills and employment in particular sectors, importantly influence the gender pay gap. The large gender pay gap in the United States compared to other advanced countries seems primarily attributable to the very high level of U.S. wage inequality (Blau and Kahn). According to Goldin, the ratio of female to male earnings among full time workers was roughly constant from the 1950s to the early 1980s and the segregation of occupation of sex is substantial and has declined only slightly across the last century (Burstein, 17). According to the American Women, a report prepared by Commission on the Status of Women; the role for women ‘most generally approved by counselors, parents and friends is the making of a home, the rearing of children and the transmission of them in their earliest years of the values of the American heritage. It should be noted that during that period only 10 percent of families were headed by unmarried women and most of the women’s job were in ‘low paid categories’ such as clerical work which is still existent even today as shown in Table 1. However the time is changing rapidly as Shiver reported that in 2009, half of the U.S. workers are female and mothers have become t he primary breadwinners in 4 out of 10 families (A Women’s Nation). However the fact remains that there is large gap in wages between men and women as the gap had widened during 2007 and 2008 as women’s weekly earning on an average was $657 as compared to $819 for men (It’s time for working women to earn equal pay’). Basing on the facts and figures mentioned above, this paper attempts to present analytical discussion on United States’ women wages and wage gap differences as compared to men at workplace. 2. U.S. Women Employment and Wages Figart, Mutari and Power (3) stated that women have been always working which was essential in providing food, clothing and shelter throughout history and across cultures. It took decades before the women first occupied place among the men. Today, women represent nearly half of the U.S. workforce wherein the United States total workforce consisted of 72% men and 58% women in 2010. The labor force participation for women increased from about 33 percent in 1950 to 61 percent in 1999 but has remained less active and spent fewer weeks in the labor force as compared to men (US Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, 28). According to report ‘Worlds Women 2010’, 90% of the women’s workforce was employed in service sector while only 9% in industry sector and 1% in agricultural sector. The data (Table 1) reveals that there is demand of women in service sector as only 68% men are employed within the sector. Table 1: Distribution of Employment in Developed Countries Source: World’s Women 2010, United Nations (COR) The domination of women in service sector was the result of increasing representation of women among the ranks of managers in organizations in the U.S. which was considered as a dramatic shift in the sex composition of an occupation since clerical work became a female dominated field in the late nineteenth century (Jacobs, 282). It is evident fro m the above data that women are equally contributing to nations GDP as

Professional Meeting ECOBUILT 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Meeting ECOBUILT 2012 - Essay Example Speakers’ details At the conference, there were twelve speakers. The speakers were Kevin McCloud, Christine Whitehead, Jack Dromey Mp, David Ireland, Ian Marchant, Keith Bugden, Munish Datta, David Fisk, Tony Juniper, Gaynor Harnell, and Rt Hon Michael Meacher. Most of the speakers work in the ministries that deal with energy conservation and construction. Some of them are engineers and authors who are knowledgeable about the issues of construction and energy. Summary of main address â€Å"Solving the housing crisis: towards a sustainable housing strategy† (Ecobuild 2012). The speakers said that addressing the housing issues is the first way to attain a sustainable housing. They said that some years back, approximately 185,000 new houses were built and this number was considered not enough at that time in the UK. The number of houses being build has reduced because the state eliminated The Regional Spatial plan and their linked house building aims. This has resulted to a high house demand, and about 4.5 million individuals are still waiting for new houses. Additionally house scarcity has resulted into many people living in slums, and the number of the people living in these areas is approximately 2.5 million. The speakers then asked the audience what they thought would happen if Britain is turned into a â€Å"nation of house builders†, and a nation that tackles the housing problems at the same time (Ecobuild 2012). â€Å"From megawatts to negawatts: taking the energy out of buildings in use† (Ecobuild 2012) The speakers said that the increased population and the high demand for houses lead to the high number of buildings under construction. This implies that, additional energy is necessary at the construction sites. They also mentioned that, there has been the augmentation of carbon production at the construction sites, in addition to the high usage, of energy. Therefore, they spoke about reducing the amount of energy from megawatts to negawatts by lowering the energy used buildings. They said that the country is now focusing on how new buildings that are of high efficiency as far as energy is concerned can be built. Additionally, they said that the reduction of energy utilization would also lead to the lowering of carbon production. The effects of carbon are evident currently in the built environment because of the present stock and the reduction of the power use should begin by concentrating on the existing ones. The audience was then asked to suggest how homes and those buildings that are not domestic could utilize less energy. The queries to the audience centered on the economic-regulatory and social problems linked with the energy consumption. The speakers further asked them how they think more energy efficient structures can be built (Ecobuild 2012). â€Å"Making renewable generation happen: getting the scale right† (Ecobuild 2012) The speakers also mentioned that one way to deal with the energy co nsumption issue in construction is to put into practice the renewable energy production. She said that among the objectives of UK, is to achieve its EU Renewable Directive goals, which entails the upgrading of a seven fold before the year 2020. Additionally, the UK intents to upgrade its financial system, manage consumer issues regarding the augmenting costs of energy, and creating an environment, which encourages the increase of investments by the private sectors. However, what is not clear is

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 16

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example writing business magazine,it involves social and opinion research that is systematic in gathering and interpreting information about individuals and other organizations through the use of statistics and analytical methods in order to gain insight and support decision making. It determines a research plan should outline the objectives of the research and give information on the potential of an idea. Creating a list of questions and creating a plan for answering these questions will prove beneficial at the end of the research. Researching apotential market is essential when setting up a business, the knowledge acquired is invaluable to the future of the business because it helps assess the viability of the venture. When conducting a market research certain points should be considered like the target market and competition. A market research must establish the target market of business; this involves knowing their preferences and style. The target market is affected by their income and lifestyle and this influences their buying decisions. The research will also indicate the quantity the buy by the consumers, this will help the sole trader stock on the fast moving goods that are bough in bulk rather than invest in slow-moving goods that could lead to losses. When researching the target audience, the information acquired will influence the location of the business, it should be located in an accessible and strategic place whether for persons driving and otherwise. A sole trader needs to establish reasons on why the target audience should buy from them and not the competition. The business idea should be wanted or needed by the target market. The main idea behind market research is to gain perspective and get informed to enable make the best decision. Research is also important in understanding the competition, a sole trader may consult the competition products that are successful and find out the reasons for this and the same from the businesses that have failed in

Bargaining Power of Buyers Essay Example for Free

Bargaining Power of Buyers Essay According to Michael Porter, one of the 5 forces that can cause competition and influence a corporation is buyers/consumers. Without customers a business is nothing. Buyers cause corporations to compete against one another by causing them to lower prices and produce higher qualities of goods/services to consumers. The following are when a buying group has the greatest influence. When a buying group purchases large volumes When one buyer purchases most of a supplier’s sales, the importance of that buyer to the supplier is significant. If they stop buying, the supplier takes a dramatic financial hit. When items purchased are standard If all items in a market are similar or standardized, it allows a buyer to feel confident in doing business with other suppliers. Suppliers need to lower prices to keep consumers coming to them. When the buyer faces few switching Costs If a buyer faces little to no costs to switch to another supplier, there is no reason to stop them from switching if a supplier is offering a product for cheaper. Buyers can roam the market looking for the best deal. Suppliers on the other hand may have large switching costs making it hard to change markets. When buyers can backward integrate A buyer may not need to buy from a supplier if they can acquire items from inside the business. An example could be a bakery that requires wheat to make bread. They would backwards integrate by buying a farm with a wheat processor and no longer having the need to buy wheat from a supplier. When buyers product quality doesn’t matter Buyers will be price sensitive if the products they are producing do not require great quality. The buyer will go to whoever is the cheapest.

Tall Organisational Structure And Power Culture Commerce Essay

Tall Organisational Structure And Power Culture Commerce Essay Culture is a systematic programme run in the mind which can be used to differ one set of people from another, and an organization structure is a breakdown of the organisational subordinate entities to pursue a common goal. Different modes of the Cultures would be Power Culture, Task Culture, Person Culture and Role Culture. The importance of understanding these concepts is that an organizational structure leads the organisational culture to flow across the organisation. Therefor a proper understanding of the functionality of these concepts is vital. There could be several types of structures as follows. Tall organisational Structure and power Culture A tall organisational structure is where the span of control is narrowed due to the higher number of management levels resulting in many managers being employed by a company and the commands are first informed to the top level managers and then the information flows in to the subordinates. Under this structure, it is likely that culture is unchanged and the informal commutation is applied because of the lower level subordinated work under a tall structure. Most organisations especially manufacturing and task oriented uses this method to make sure without any interference the task is done the correct person is on the correct chair. Tall structure always provides the systematic approach to planning and controlling mechanisms this is because the decision making is done at the top and then the decisions are flown downward and being (Naoum,2001:p.165). Figure1. Tall organisational Structure of a production company Source: The times 100 web magazine (http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/british-gas/roles-responsibilities-and-career-development/introduction.html#axzz2Dl7IBSzR) Power Culture is where one individual dominates the entire decision making only by himself. Power culture always allows the head of the business (Entrepreneurs) to make the decisions. Therefor power culture always bounded to a particular individual. In the current context Sir Richard Branson is a perfect example where he dominated the entire decision making of the group by himself and the success of the company is where he always retained the decision making power and the retention of the control under himself according toVirgin-Richards Block website (2012). Under this culture it is very difficult for others to poke into the decision making and the subordinates always have to follow the decisions. Figure2: Decision making represents the middle of the circle Source: http://www.mindtools.com/ Flat Organisational culture and Role Culture Flat organisational culture consists lower number of managers due to the lower number of management levels making the span of control wider. This might lower the interest of the top level managers feeling that they might lose out the control. Flat organisational structured entities are having greater innovation ability as the functional levels are given the authority from the top level. The swiftness of the communication is higher as opposed to other structures. The level of motivation of the employees will stay high as they are not been pressured more and the formal level of communication arises because of that (Warner M., Joynt P.2002:p260). Figure3. Flat Structure with minimum number of managers Source: Madura J. (2007:p279) Role Culture commands the employees to stick to their job description. This mainly happens in large entities where the particular job has its own guidelines. Under this approach the innovativeness is questionable as employees tend stick to their work boundaries and stifle the innovativeness. In this approach most of the Human Resource activities are done in order to chair the proper personnel. When every employee carries out their duties, the entire companys pillars are strengthening. Therefor in this approach the importance of understanding of the role of each person is highly important (Martin, 2005:P.493). Hierarchical organizational Structure and Task Culture Hierarchical Structure represents a pyramid shaped structure i.e. the power and responsibility are defined according to the position they possess in the organisational hierarchy. Under this approach the main objective is to retain the power and to get the task done through the divisions. In this approach it is likely that the span of control is retained at the divisional levels which lead to better communication where one reports to the other (Turner and Simister, 2000) Figure 4. Hierarchical Organisational structure in military organisation (Source: God, Quantum physics, Organizational structure and Management style, 2009:p.45) Task Culture gets the correct people and getting them to work together will be the key aspect of this approach. This culture mainly focuses about the team work for the accomplishment of a company objective. Through this approach it is likely that the company moves forward with market dynamism and market complexity as this approach gets the company people to discuss the changes in order to meet the complexity. Managers must make sure the level of commitment is achieved because of the distance and freedom they are given (Smith and Mounter, 2008:p.36). 1.2 Organisational culture and performance Organisational culture always has an impact on the organisational performance. In a strong culture (high norms, high Values) the bonds of the management with the employees are quite strong, the performance of the entity tends to be in a good position. According to Lussier and Kimball (2009) a weak culture will definitely stifle the connection of employees and management. Culture types such as Power and person, will limit the performance of an organisation due to the lack of democracy whereas role and task culture will improve the democracy. Employee performance will therefor directly impact the company performance the glue will be the culture. But it should also concluded that a strong culture will ease the mergers or alliances, where as a weak culture will be very difficult to maintain in a dynamic environment. b) From the current context Semco is a company build in brazil owned by Ricardo Semler who took the business from his father who are in to the manufacturing of mixers, pipes. Owner allowed employees to make use of the organizational resources in the way he would like make sure the correct inspection is provided at requirement. The considerations provided for the effort were well provided by Semler as a result company could increase profit up to 500 per cent. Therefor it is noticeable that a strong culture with more values and believes will contribute to a greater performance (Dickson, 1993:p.13). 1.3 factors which influence the behaviour individual at work According to the Mullins (2009) he has noted several factors which could influence an individuals behaviour at work as follows. Values Skills Personality Leadership Perception Demographic Factors Attitudes When an individual possess good values towards the work, the work will become more and more easy. Having good skills will always make the employee to feel comfortable with the tasks they carry out. When an individual comes with a better personality it is unlikely that the company influence the person but rather person will take it up by himself. Better leadership always has a significant impact over the work where the better leadership influences the person and getting the task done. According to Nelson and Quick, (2008:p.128) Better work conditions will always improve the perception of the individuals towards work. Demographic factors such as age, gender, will create some awkwardness towards work if the working environment tends to be challenging to them. Motivational Factors such as better work conditions will always improve the attitudes of the individuals. Therefor it is evident that above factors will have an impact over work conditions. Task 02 Introduction to Management and Leadership In simple terms Management is the way of deciding what to be done through planning, organizing, communication and controlling and leadership is the way of getting things done from subordinates by providing directions. Therefor clear-cut understandings of these theories are vital and Kurt Lewin has identified several styles as follows (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005:p.11). 2.1 Authoritarian Style Authoritarian approach is where the decisions are only taken by the leader himself and no input will be obtained for the decision making from the employees. This type of leadership is mainly found in task oriented organisations such as military organisations. Leader must know in and out of the tasks very well and must be able to communicate clearly the job to be done. This type of leadership is so vital when the employees lack the desired level of knowledge about the task (Iqbal, 2010:p.11). Democratic Style This is another way to lead people with more coordination, consultation and participation with the employees in the decision making process (Woods, 2005:P.2). The main objective of this approach is to obtain the best practical solutions to solve the problems. Through this approach the innovativeness, cohesiveness among the group will improve and companies requiring a lot of coordination to their decision making, will adopt this approach as the decisions will be more practical in comparison to the autocratic approach. This will allow entities to come up with better solutions in a complex and dynamic environments. Laissez-Faire Style With reference to Bass and Bass (2008) the laissez-Faire French term means completely hands-off. This approach is much similar to a delegated, but yet the instructions from the leader are less and the effort from the group members will need to be highly improved. In this approach the focus will be to provide maximum freedom with very little margin of inspections. For a company with lot of Skilled labour whom aware of the task deeply, will be suitable to carry out this approach. But it is advised that this method is the least productive because rarely find highly skilled and efficient employees. b) From the current context A popular biker and an actor Paul Teutul Jr. together with his father Paul Teutul Sr. has started the Orange County choppers which has twisted the American modified bike market. Father and son have every time looked to penetrate the decision making all by themselves. This has mainly reasoned the experience and the charisma these two possess. The authoritative style has benefited them in many ways. Mainly the task oriented stuff are done at a larger scale. With their prior experience of the market and the sense they have on the dynamism has benefitted the success of this biking company (Official website of orange bikes). Mr. Carlos Ghosn the President and CEO of Renault France; and the president and CEO of Nissan Japan has the approach of the democratic leadership. In tough situations especially when Renault and Nissan were faced by the high competition he believed his employees and the capabilities of them made the companies to profit from inception to now. He always believed that the decision making should always be generated from the lower levels. This has resulted Renault to come up with much better designs and the Japanese company could compete with Toyota and Mitsubushi perfectly with economical vehicle models (Magee, 2003:p. 13). 2.2 Organisational theory and Practise of Management Organisational theory explains how the study of the organisation should be done in order to solve problems prevailing in the current system and to meet the stakeholder likings with efficiency. One way of achieving the organisational theory would be the Classical approach where the emphasis is given to the scientific methods and bureaucracy to improve the productivity. Under the neoclassical view the employee behaviour of the organisation and in the environmental view the contingency is looked at and the effectiveness of the leadership will be situational (Linstead, 2004). Practise of Management indicates the ways in which management has controlled overtime and they should be subjected to high productivity and also the measurement must be done through indicators (Centrepiece Summer 2005 Magazine). The organisational theory underpins the Practise of Management in the following way. Better organisational theory will look to improve the management practises more realistic and swift. This is mainly due to the perfect understanding will provide the platform for a better understanding of the behaviour of the company and the best practises then can be implemented. Especially under the scientific way the main focus is to attract, recruit and retain the employees in a systematic way and the management will therefor find it easy to carry out their policies. Under the bureaucratic way the management is fairly less complex as the correct person will chair. Having a good understanding of the human behaviour though it is quite unpredictable, the easiness is there for the managers in terms of decision making (Crowther and Green 2004:p.51). 2.3 Different approaches to management I) Scientific Management F.W. Taylor has invented the approach of how the work should be done scientifically. This include the basic areas such as Recruitment through better job designs, better selection criteria, let the employees to carry out the task and the scientific regular control mechanisms such as performance appraisal are provided in this approach (Sheldrake 2003:p.15).This level of approach is mainly focused on the production where the remuneration is based on the performance of the employee rather than a fixed salary. The effectiveness according to the Taylor F. will improve gradually. II) Classical Administration Approach Henry Fayol (1841-1925) is considered to be the father of this method. He mentioned that every person has to perform management as a profession and found many administrative contributions such as distinguishing perfectly between the technical and managerial skills, elements of the management process such as division of work, leadership, unity of command, centralisation, and etc. Further he divided the organisations in to six categories and defined its common features such as planning, organising, commanding, communicating, and controlling. For an organisation whom into more and more complex and larger scales, can look at this method and can have a good result through the practises as the elements mentioned above provide a good stability to the controlling process as well as planning er becomes lot rational and logical (Singla and Singla 2009p.58). III) Bureaucratic Approach The emphasis of this approach is mainly to identify rational forms of organisation. In the current context even though the term Bureaucracy refers to many negative connotations, Max Webbers theory of bureaucracy understands how the management is successful under this approach. This approach mainly deals with the standard ways with employees. He preferred the specialisation, better organisational hierarchy, job roles and rules, full time appointed officials to make sure better person chair the position and division of labour in order to make sure too much work is not allocated. Mainly the government entities who are more in to formal methodology uses this approach because their main objective is to maintain the respect and pride in the minds of citisen (Gene and Thakur,1996 p.196). IV) Human relations Approach Classical, bureaucratic theories improved the production though couldnt realise that the employee stress and morale downfall. Elton Mayo under the Hawthorne studies realised that the provision of the social needs improved the efficiency as well as the productivity and the level of satisfaction. Therefor under this approach main concentrations are decentralisation, Participatory decision making, enhancing the self-motivation within the human minds. In the current context, innovation and dynamism being dominated the companies, the need of this approach is vital as this approach mainly focus on the basic fundamentals of employee satisfaction every time. Under this aspect employees are seen as human asset rather than human machines (Coffey, 1990:p.261). V) Systems Approach No organisation will profit without employees, assets, management, finance, marketing, and etc. Likewise this approach considers the organisation to be a system and the sub parts are to correlated to the main hub. The main focus in this approach to improve the swiftness and interaction of communication between separate divisions of the organization. Organisations mainly divisionalised tend to adopt this approach as they can result from being interrelated (Jackson, 2000:p.12). VI) Contingency Approach Approach of having no approach to management could be identified as a contingency approach. Under this, the main idea is that the organisation is rapidly changing and the variables of the external market, resources, technology varies day by day. Therefor the correct decision therefor must be taken having considered the pros and cons of each management. Organisations who are in to much more dynamic and complex environments uses this. Sometimes the bureaucracy, sometime the human relations approach depending on the situation (Cole, 2004:p.82) Task 03 Introduction Theories for motivation are highly essential as those have a clear connection to the level of output. Therefore, having a good understanding of the movement of the motivation with the productivity is highly essential. 3.1) Leadership styles in changing environments It is needed to have an understanding about the different leadership styles and their impact on the motivation in a changing context. The above discussed three types could be used to demonstrate this issue. (Johansson, 2004) In a changing context using the democratic approach is really productive where the people get together and negotiate their problems and within teams they tend to find the proper solutions for the dynamism. Unlike that approach, using Authoritarian approach is much different where the top management might not foresee the change which will be detected only at lower grounds. Therefor in such scenarios, using this approach is not suitable as authoritarian approach doesnt improve the innovativeness to cope up with the level of change happening. Yet the Laissez-Faire approach doesnt give any sort of an idea to the subordinates yet the employees at ground levels can take up and do since the main idea of the Change is visible to them (Crawford, Cartwright and Bennett 200 4:p.188). Under the change of trends good leaders also must possess anticipatory skills where they should detect the change before the impact flows in. in such scenarios the level of motivation should be retained by activities such as quality circles, frequent meetings and also gather facts from the lower levels. With the changing trends the tasks may vague. Therefor using the above tasks are essential for the company progress and motivation retention (Christ, 1999 p.280). Therefor the leadership in changing environments are highly challenging and subjective 3.2 Maslows Motivational Theory Abraham Maslow, who had been a psychologist for years, could generate his own way of a motivational style from the facts he had gathered. The main idea here is once you get the primary needs under control the motivation tend to skim to the secondary levels. Under the primary levels, the safety needs and psychological needs are found. In a business organisation just provision of the basic factors might not be sufficient. Most of the manufacturing plants operating in China, India are having the culture of providing free but that wont be good enough. For lower level of employees, these factors are essential (Hoffmann, 2006:p.16). Under the secondary category social, esteem and self-actualisation is found where the social needs are extremely critical. The basic understanding here is that there must be a good social work environment to the employees where the communication must back it up. Every employee comes up with the aim of career progression. In such a situation just providing the normal needs plus the social needs will not be enough. In such a context usage of promotional packages comes in to play as usually human asset would like to improve their state. In such context esteem needs are gradually arises as the esteem needs are looked for a better recognition. Reaching the top of the management will satisfy the self-actualisation resulting in a better satisfaction with the work they perform (Mcshane, 2008 p.153). Figure 5: Maslows Hierarchy of needs Source: Hoffmann, 2006:p.16 3.3. Motivational Theories for Managers It is highly important for the managers to have a good understanding about the motivational levels of the employees. Mainly managers must focus what is the motivational limit. Having a good definition about the motivational levels of different employees, the easy platform is there for the managers to come up with good packages. For some employees, early leave, study leave, will be motivating where as some other employees would look for better recognition such as better career progression, better salaries, non-financial benefit schemes. Therefor managers must define what the best suitable package is for the employees having looked at the theories, experience and etc. (shanks, 2011:p.23) b) I) Herzberg Two-Factor Theory Fredrick herzburg carried out the mayos findings and further investigated that there are two levels of motivation which will result in better satisfaction. He identified Hygine factors and Motivational Facors to be more effective. Hygine fctors are where the factors that employee must be given and any failure will result in demotivation such as team working, better supervision, better salaries and etc. On the other hand motivational factors are those will improve the level of motivation if they posses but the failure wont depress the employees like in the hygiene factors. These include features such as better career progression, better attraction, recognition at work, and etc. Therefor managers must pay attention to define the package each individual would like to have (Green, 2009:p.56). II) Douglas McGregor Theory X and Y Theory X is where the managers believe that the employees are lazy and dislike to work and will be looking to exploit any loophole. Also employees must be carefully supervised and they must be followed day by day. In this context, managers would like to use the authoritarian approach to the work place and all the policy setting and management is based on that. Theory Y is where the managers have the feel that employees enjoy the work they perform, and they are self-motivated, personal progression is another big factor that employees look to deal with. Therefor under this approach, managers like to use the democratic approach to their work place and the concepts of team work will enjoy in this environment. (Koontz et al, 2008:p. 290) Task 04 Introduction Understanding of the mechanisms required to establish and to maintain the team work is much essential as the individuals consisting in the team are different to each other. Also the members may have different approaches to their leaders. Therefor a correct method must be formed. 4.1) Groups and its behaviour within organisations Group is a collection of members who interact with each other with better understanding and who would like to work together. A better group will have essential elements such as group better cohesiveness, high homogeneity, less alternatives which will make the members not to leave but to stay within the group. According to Tuckman (1995) and Cole (2004 p.82) the stages of forming a group would be Forming- Initial gathering of individuals and getting to know each other Storming- Different individuals might contain different perceptions. Likewise with the group there could be many individuals with different ideas and they are clashed in this stage. Norming-This is where the different ideas are blended, clashed and the formation of new ideas are done. Performing- in this approach the group performance takes place. There could be different types of groups as well namely Informal Groups and formal groups. Informal groups are those membership is voluntary yet the clear objective is not there whereas formal grous meet with defined objectives and formal membership is applicable. Better teams will bring their ideas together, blend it and form new and innovative concepts. Organisational tasks will be easy to handle with good groups and special tasks which require coordination, will be the suitable advantages of having a good group for and organisation (Needham, 2004:p.201). 4.2) factors affect the performance of groups There are three different factors which affect the performance of groups according to West (2007) and Hall (2005:p.44) Membership Factors If there are similar people stay within the group then the thinking will be similar and then itll be a good team to work with and the ideas are more improves and innovative. If there many clashes, then the team wont be a successful one. If there are many alternatives with members, then the people will try to leave and join with another. When more people leave, the task wont be productive. If the group is much larger , then the possibility of solving problems is less and vice versa (Hall, 2005:p.44). Environmental Factors If the task of the group is heading, is incompatible and unsupportive with the current organisational philosophy, then the group wont be a productive one. If the management thinking is about the groups are similar to theory X, then the chance that the group will flourish will be really less (West, 2007). Dynamic Factors Understanding the groups given work will make the group to be work well rather than the membership of individuals (Hall, 2005:p.204). b) In the context which I have faced, the recent activity was organising an sports meet in the university, from which many practical aspects are possible. The group consisted close to 50 members and they were of different mind sets. When deciding the venue for the meet, the clashes began to happen. According to the Tuckmans model the storming era began where lot of conflicts arise. Also there were lot of disregards occurred. Therefor membership factors were at a high risk. Also the academic person who was in-charge always discouraged us about the group cohesiveness. The external factors made the task even worst. 4.3) Technology and teams Current technology has made a dramatic impact to the team development. With the penetration of the internet the concepts such as network teams where people with different geographical Ares are brought together, swiftness of communication though video calling and emailing, has increased significantly. Therefor the frequent meetings, quick decision making is now possible according to Gibson and Cohen (2003). Conclusion According to the facts gathered, the knowledge of relationships within an organisation, and its theoretical background, are essential for better human asset controlling. Specially in the parts of teams and leadership, the level of knowledge about the human behaviour in teams and the level of understanding about their motivation are so vital. Therefor the above facts provides a clear understanding about the relationship management essentials.